Nhoroondo yeOttoman Empire muTurkey
Humambo hweOttoman hunoonekwa seimwe yemadzimambo makuru uye anogara kwenguva refu akambovapo munhoroondo yenyika. Mambo weOttoman Sultan Suleiman Khan (I) aive mutendi akasimba weIslam uye aida zveunyanzvi uye zvivakwa. Urwu rudo rwake rwunopupurirwa muTurkey yose muchimiro chemizinda yakanakisa nemamosque.
Mambo weOttoman Sultan Suleiman Khan (I), anozivikanwawo saMakuru, akaita rukundo rwekurwisa Europe ndokutapa Budapest, Belgrade, uye chitsuwa cheRhodes. Gare gare, sezvo kukunda kwakapfuurira, akakwanisawo kupinda nomuBaghdad, Algiers, uye Aden. Iyi nhevedzano yekupinda nechisimba yakagoneka nekuda kweuto remugungwa raSultan risingakundike, iro raive rakakura muMediterranean, uye mambo cum warrior, kutonga kwaSultan Suleiman, kunonzi zera regoridhe rekutonga kweOttoman.
Humambo hweOttoman hwakatonga pamusoro pezvikamu zvakakura zveMiddle East, North Africa, uye Eastern Europe kwenguva inopfuura 600 yemakore. Sezvaunoverenga pamusoro, vagari vemo vaizodaidza mutungamiriri wavo mukuru nevazukuru vake (vakadzi, vanakomana, nevanasikana) Sultan kana kuti Sultanas, kureva kuti 'mutongi wenyika'. Sultan aifanira kushandisa hutongi hwakakwana hwechitendero nevezvematongerwo enyika pavanhu vake, uye hapana aigona kukurira kutonga kwake.
Nekuda kwesimba rinokwira uye maitiro ehondo asina kunaka, veEurope vaizviona sengozi inogona kutyisidzira rugare rwavo. Nekudaro, vanyori venhoroondo vazhinji vanotora Humambo hweOttoman sechiratidzo chekugadzikana kwedunhu uye kuwirirana, pamwe nekurangarira nekuzvipemberera nekuda kwekubudirira kwakakosha mumunda wesainzi, hunyanzvi, chitendero, zvinyorwa, uye tsika.
Kuumbwa kweHumambo hweOttoman
Mutungamiriri weTurkish Tribes muguta reAntolia, Osman I, aive nebasa rekuisa hwaro hweOttoman Empire mugore 1299. Izwi rekuti "Ottoman" rinotorwa kubva pazita remuvambi - Osman, iro rakanyorwa se'Uthman'. muchiArabic. MaOttoman Turks vakabva vazvigadzirira hurumende yepamutemo ndokutanga kuwedzera hutongi hwavo vachitungamirirwa neushingi hwaOsman I, Murad I, Orhan, naBayezid I. Ndokutanga nhaka yehumambo hweOttoman.
Muna 1453, Mehmed II Mukundi akaendesa mberi kurwiswa nemauto eOttoman Turks ndokutora guta rekare uye rakanyatsogadziriswa reConstantinople, iro raizodaidzwa kuti guta guru reHumambo hweByzantine. Uku kukunda kwakaitwa naMehmed II kwakaona kuwa kweConstantinople muna 1453, zvichigumisa hutongi hwemakore 1,000 XNUMX uye mukurumbira wehumwe humambo hwakakosha munhoroondo - Humambo hweByzantine.
Humambo hweOttoman
Kusimuka kweHumambo hweOttoman
Kutonga kweanoshamisa mutongi weOttoman - Sultan Suleiman Khan
Pakasvika gore ra1517, mwanakomana waBayezid, Selim I, akapinda nechisimba uye akanga aita kuti Arabia, Siriya, Palestine, uye Ijipiti zvidzorerwe neumambo hweOttoman. Kutonga kweHumambo hweOttoman kwakasvika pakakwirira pakati pe1520 ne1566, iyo yakaitika panguva yekutonga kwemutongi mukuru weOttoman - Sultan Suleiman Khan. Nguva iyi yairangarirwa nekupembererwa neumbozha hwayakaunza pavanhu vaive chizvarwa chematunhu aya.
Nguva iyi yakaona simba guru, kugadzikana kusingapindiki uye huwandu hukuru hwehupfumi nebudiriro. Sultan Suleiman Khan akange avaka humambo hwakavakirwa payunifomu yemutemo uye kurongeka uye aipfuura kugashira kune akasiyana siyana mafomu ehunyanzvi uye zvinyorwa zvakabudirira mukondinendi yeTurkey. VaMuslim venguva idzodzo vaiona Suleiman semutungamiri wechitendero uye mambo wezvematongerwo enyika akarurama. Kuburikidza neuchenjeri hwake, kungwara kwake somutongi uye tsitsi dzake kune vaanotonga, munguva pfupi, akakunda mwoyo yevazhinji.
Hutongi hwaSultan Suleiman hwakaramba huchibudirira, humambo hwake hwakaramba huchiwedzera uye gare gare hwakabatanidza nzvimbo zhinji dzekumabvazuva kweEurope. VeOttoman vakashandisa mari yakawanda mukusimbisa mauto avo emugungwa uye vakaramba vachigamuchira varwi vakashinga muuto ravo.
Kuwedzera kweHumambo hweOttoman
Humambo hweOttoman hwakaramba huchikura nekuyera matunhu matsva. Kusimuka kwemauto eTurkey kwakatumira mhirizhonga mumakondinendi, zvichikonzera kuti vavakidzani vazvipire vasati varwiswa vamwe vachiparara munhandare yehondo pachayo. Sultan Suleiman ainyanya kukoshesa nezve gadziriro dzehondo, gadziriro refu dzemushandirapamwe, zvekushandisa zvehondo, zvibvumirano zverunyararo uye humwe hurongwa hune chekuita nehondo.
Apo umambo hwacho hwakanga huchipupurira mazuva akanaka ndokusvika pakakwirira zvikurusa, Umambo hweOttoman panguva iyeyo hwakanga hwafukidza nzvimbo huru dzenzvimbo uye hwakabatanidza nharaunda dzakadai seGreece, Turkey, Egypt, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Macedonia, Hungary, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan. , zvikamu zveSaudi Arabia uye chikamu chakanaka cheNorth African coastal region.
Art, Sainzi uye Tsika dzeDzinasty
Zviitiko zvehumambo
MaOttoman ave achizivikanwa kwenguva refu nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwavo muhunyanzvi, mushonga, zvivakwa, uye sainzi. Kana iwe ukamboshanyira Turkey, iwe uchaona kunaka kwemamosque akamisikidzwa uye hukuru hwedzimba dzeTurkey paizogara mhuri yaSultan. Istanbul nemamwe maguta akakosha muhumambo hwose akaonekwa senge pamberi pehunyanzvi hwekuvakisa kweTurkey, kunyanya panguva yekutonga kwaSultan Suleiman, Mukuru.
Mamwe emhando dzehunyanzvi dzakanyanya kuve dzakabudirira munguva yekutonga kwaSultan Suleiman aive calligraphy, nhetembo, kupenda, kapeti, uye machira ekuruka, kuimba, uye kugadzira mimhanzi nemakeramiki. Pamitambo yemwedzi wese, vaimbi nevadetembi vaishevedzwa kubva kumatunhu akasiyana empire kuti vatore chikamu muchiitiko ichi uye kupembera neveimba yehumambo.
Sultan Suleiman Khan pachake akanga ari murume akadzidza zvikuru uye aiverenga nekudzidzira mitauro yakawanda kuti agone kutaurirana nemadzimambo edzimwe nyika. Akatova neraibhurari yakakura zvikuru yakaiswa pamuzinda wake kuti zvive nyore kuverenga. Baba vaSultan uye ivo pachavo vaive vanoda nhetembo uye vaitoda nhetembo dzerudo dzevadiwa vavo maSultana.
Chivakwa cheOttoman chaive chimwe chiratidziro chekupenya kwevaTurkey. Iwo akatsvinda uye akapfava akavezwa uye calligraphy yakawanikwa pamadziro emamosque nedzimba dzehumambo zvakabatsira kutsanangura tsika yakabudirira panguva iyoyo. Mamisikiti makuru uye zvivakwa zveveruzhinji (zvaiitirwa kuungana nemhemberero) zvakavakwa zvakanyanya panguva yaSultan Sulieman.
Kare ikako, Sainzi yaionekwa sechikamu chakakosha chekudzidza. Nhoroondo inoratidza kuti maOttoman aizodzidza, kudzidzira uye kuparidza mazinga epamusoro enyeredzi, uzivi, masvomhu, fizikisi, uzivi, chemistry uye kunyange geography.
Pamusoro peizvi, zvimwe zvezvakanyanya kubudirira zvakaitwa mukurapa nevaOttoman. Munguva yehondo, sainzi yezvokurapa yakanga isati yafambira mberi kusvika padanho apo kurapwa kuri nyore uye kusina kunetseka kwaigona kupiwa kune vakakuvara. Gare gare, maOttoman akagadzira midziyo yekuvhiya inokwanisa kuita maoparesheni akabudirira pamaronda akadzika. Vakawana midziyo yakaita semakatheta, pincers, scalpels, forceps nemalancets ekurapa vanga vakuvara.
Munguva yekutonga kwaSultan Selim, chirongwa chitsva chakabuda chevatakuri vechigaro, icho chakazivisa fratricide, kana mhosva inotyisa yekuuraya hama kuchigaro cheSultan. Pese payaive nguva yekushongedza Sultan mutsva, hama dzaSultan dzaitorwa zvisina tsitsi ndokuiswa mugomba. Pakangozvarwa mwanakomana wekutanga waSultan, aizoita kuti vakoma vake nevanakomana vavo vaurawe. Hurongwa hwehutsinye uhwu hwakavambwa kuti pave nechokwadi chekuti mugari wenhaka akakodzera chete pachigaro ndiye anotora chigaro.
Asi nokufamba kwenguva, havasi vatsivi vose vakatevera iyi tsika isina kururama yokuteura ropa. Gare gare, tsika yacho yakashanduka kuita chimwe chinhu chisinganyanyi kutyisa. Mumakore akazotevera eumambo, hama dzeaizova mambo dzaizongoiswa mujeri uye kwete kutongerwa rufu.
Kukosha kweTopkapi Palace
Topkapi Palace
Humambo hweOttoman hwaitongwa nemasultan makumi matatu nematanhatu pakati pa36 na1299. Kwemazana emakore sultan mukuru weOttoman aizogara mumuzinda wemaoresa weTopkapi, waiva nemadziva, zvivanze, zvivakwa zvehurumende, zvivakwa zvekugara, uye akawanda emapindu akanaka akapoteredza shongwe yepakati. Chikamu chikuru cheimba huru iyi chainzi Harem. Harem yaimbove nzvimbo yaigara varongo, vakadzi veSultan nevamwe vakadzi vakati wandei vakasungwa.
Kunyange zvazvo vakadzi ava vaigara vese, vakapihwa zvinzvimbo/zvimiro zvakasiyana-siyana muimba yevakadzi, uye vese vaifanira kutevedzera murayiro. Kurongeka uku kwaidzorwa nekuchengetwa kazhinji naamai vasultan. Mushure mekufa kwake, mutoro wacho waizopfuudzwa kune mumwe wevakadzi vasultan. Vakadzi vose ava vakanga vari pasi peSultan uye vaichengetwa muimba yevakadzi kuti vashumire kufarira kwasultan. Kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti mutemo wevakadzi uye kurongeka kwagara kuchiteverwa, ngomwa dzakanga dzagadzwa mumuzinda kuti dzibatsire mabasa ezuva nezuva uye kutarisira bhizimisi revakadzi.
Kakawanda, vakadzi ava vaifanira kuimbira uye kutamba vachiitira sultan, uye kana vakaita rombo rakanaka, vaizosarudzwa naye semurongo wake 'waaida' uye vaizokwidziridzwa pachinzvimbo chevadiwa muhutungamiri hwevakadzi. Vaigovanawo imba yekugezera imwe chete nekicheni yemazuva ese.
Nekuda kwekutyisidzira kwekuuraya kwairamba kuchiitika, Sultan aifanirwa kubva panzvimbo imwe achienda kune imwe husiku hwega hwega kuti muvengi asave nechokwadi chekugara kwake.
Kuwa kweHumambo hweOttoman
Nekuda kwekutanga kwema1600, Humambo hweOttoman hwakadzikira maererano nekuraira kwemauto nehupfumi kuEurope. Nepo simba rehumambo rakatanga kudzikira, Europe yaive yatanga kuwana simba nekukurumidza nekuuya kweRenaissance uye kumutsidzirwa kwekukuvadzwa kwakaitwa neshanduko yemaindasitiri. Zvichitevedzana, humambo hweOttoman hwakaonawo hutungamiriri huri kuderera mukukwikwidza kwavo nemitemo yekutengeserana yeIndia neEurope, nokudaro, zvichizotungamira mukudonha kusingatarisike kweHumambo hweOttoman.
Imwe pashure peimwe, zviitiko zvairamba zvichiitika. Muna 1683, humambo hwakarasikirwa nehondo muVienna, zvichiwedzera kune hutera hwavo. Sezvo nguva yakafamba, zvishoma nezvishoma, umambo hwakatanga kutadza kutonga matunhu ose anokosha mukondinendi yavo. Greece yakarwira Kuzvitonga kwadzo ikawana rusununguko muna 1830. Gare gare, muna 1878, Romania, Bulgaria neSerbia dzakaziviswa dzakasununguka neCongress of Berlin.
Kurova kwokupedzisira, zvisinei, kwakasvika kuvaTurk apo vakarasikirwa nouzhinji hwoumambo hwavo muHondo dzeBalkan, idzo dzakaitika muna 1912 na 1913. Nenzira yapamutemo, umambo hukuru hweOttoman hwakaguma muna 1922 apo zita rokuremekedza raSultan rakabviswa. .
Musi waGumiguru 29, nyika yeTurkey yakaziviswa seRepublic, yakavambwa nemukuru wemauto Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Akashanda semutungamiri wekutanga weTurkey kubva mugore ra1923 kusvika 1938, achipedzisa kutonga kwake nerufu rwake. Akashanda zvakanyanya kumutsiridza nyika, kusarura vanhu uye kumadokero tsika yese yeTurkey. Nhaka yeHumambo hweTurkey yakaenderera kwemakore 600 akareba. Kusvika iye zvino, vanoyeukwa nokuda kwekusiyana kwavo, simba ravo rehondo risingakundiki, mabasa avo ounyanzvi, unyanzvi hwavo hwokuvaka, uye mabasa avo echitendero.
Waizviziva here?
Hurrem Sultana
Iwe unofanirwa kunge wakanzwa nezvenyaya dzerudo dzerudo dzaRomeo naJuliet, Laila naMajnu, Heer naRanjha, asi wakambonzwa nezve rudo rusingaperi rwakagovaniswa pakati paHurrem Sultana naSultan Suleiman Khan, Mukuru? Akaberekerwa muRuthenia (yava kunzi Ukraine), yaimbozivikanwa saAlexandra, akaberekerwa mumhuri yechiKristu yainyatsodzidziswa. Gare gare, sezvo maTurkey akatanga kupinda muRuthenia, Alexandra akatorwa nevapambi veCrimea uye akatengeswa kumaOttoman mumusika wevaranda.
Anozivikanwa nekunaka kwake kusingagoneki uye kungwara, nekukurumidza zvakanyanya, akasimuka mumeso aSultan uye kuburikidza nemapoka evakadzi. Vakadzi vazhinji vaimuitira godo nekuda kwekutariswa kwaakaitwa naSuleiman. Sultan akadanana nerunako urwu rweRutheni uye akapikisana netsika yemakore 800 kuti aroore murongo wake waaida uye kumuita mudzimai wake wepamutemo. Akanga atendeukira kuIslam kubva kuchiKristu kuti aroore Suleiman. Akanga ari mubatsiri wekutanga kugamuchira chimiro cheHaseki Sultan. Haseki yaireva 'iyo yaanofarira'.
Kare, tsika iyi yaingobvumira maSultans kuroora vanasikana vevakuru vedzimwe nyika uye kwete mumwe munhu akashanda somurongo mumuzinda. Akararama kuti ape vana vatanhatu kuumambo, kusanganisira mutakuri wechigaro Selim II. Hurrem akaita basa rakakosha mukurayira sultan nezvenyaya dzake dzehurumende uye kutumira tsamba dzevamiriri kuna mambo Sigismund II Augustus.
Nguva pfupi yadarika, bhaisikopo rekuTurkey rakatora nyaya yaSultan Suleiman Khan nemudiwa wake kugadzira dandemutande rewebhu rinonzi 'The Magnificent' rinoratidza hupenyu netsika dzeOttoman Empire.
Tarisa wako kukodzera kweTurkey Visa uye nyorera Turkey e-Visa 72 maawa usati wabhururuka. Vagari veBahamas, Vagari veBahrain uye Canadian vagari inogona kunyorera online yeElectronic Turkey Visa.
